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  • Bifurcated 6166 Elections
    • Bifurcated 6166 Elections
    • Section 6166 Bifurcation Concepts
    • Section 6166 Bifurcation Computations
  • 6166 Computation Packages
    • 6166 Computation Packages
    • Original 706 Computations
    • IRS Examination Computations
    • Supplemental Return Computations
    • Tax Litigation Computations
    • Complete Tax Computation Packages
  • Non-6166 Computations
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    • Interrelated Marital and Charitable Deductions
    • Interrelated Section 6161 Computations
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  • About
    • About
    • About Us
    • About Section 6166
    • About the Computations

Section 6166 - Extension of Time for Payment of Estate Tax - General Concepts - Estate Tax Installment Payments - Covid-19 Changes

Background

  • Section 6166 - Statute
  • Section 6166 - Regulations
  • Background of Section 6166
  • Which Taxes Can Be Deferred
  • Who is Eligible
  • Active Trade or Business Requirement
  • The 4 Types of Section 6166 Deferrals - With a Note About LLCs
  • Publicly Traded Stock Qualifies for the Section 6166 Election

Computations

  • About the Computations
  • TABLE: Calculating the 2% Portion of Deferred Tax 1998 - 2025
  • The Annual Installment
  • Section 2013 Credit for Tax on Prior Transfers
  • Notice 2020-23 Covid-19 Automatic Extension of Time to Pay a Section 6166 Installment - Computation Example 1
  • Notice 2020-23 Covid-19 Automatic Extension - Late 6166 Installment Payment With 6166(g)(3) and 6651(a)(2) Penalties - Computation Example 2
  • Notice 2020-23 Covid-19 Automatic Extensions of Time to Pay 6166 and 6161 Installments - Computation Example 3
  • Notice 2020-23 Covid-19 Automatic Extensions of Time to Pay Recalculated Sections 6166 and 6161 Installments After a Supplemental 706 - Computation Example 4

IRS Procedures

  • Return Due Date For Interest Computation Purposes
  • Filing The Original Estate Tax Return
  • Supplemental Estate Tax Returns
  • Very Limited 9100 Relief for Late-Filed 6166 Elections
  • Cincinnati Letters and Forms
  • Form 4349
  • General Pipeline Processing
  • IRS Examinations, Appeals, and Tax Court Cases
  • Section 7481(d) and Tax Court cases

Section 6166(a) - 5-Year Deferral; 10-Year Installment Payment (The Regular 14-Year Election)

  • Section 6166(a) Overview
    • Section 6166(a)(1) – In general
    • Section 6166(a)(2) – Limitation
    • Section 6166(a)(3) - Date for payment of installments
  • Section 6166(a) Computation Examples
    • Section 6166(a) Underpayment of Non-Deferred Tax
    • Section 6166(a) Overpayment of Non-Deferred Tax - Maximum Deferral Election
    • Section 6166(a) Overpayment of Non-Deferred Tax - Minimum Deferral Election

Section 6166(b)(1) – Interest in a Closely Held Business

  • Section 6166(b)(1) – Interest in Closely Held Business
    • Section 6166(b)(1)(A) – Interest as a proprietor in a trade or business
    • Section 6166(b)(1)(B) – Interest as a partner in a partnership
    • Section 6166(b)(1)(C) – Stock in a corporation carrying on a trade or business
  • Section 6166(b)(1) Computation Examples
    • Section 6166(b)(1)(C) Computation Examples (list of Examples with narrative descriptions)

Section 6166(b)(2) - Rules for Applying Paragraph (1)

  • Section 6166(b)(2) – Rules for Applying Paragraph (1)
    • Section 6166(b)(2)(A) – Time for testing
    • Section 6166(b)(2)(B) – Certain interests held by husband and wife
    • Section 6166(b)(2)(C) – Indirect ownership
    • Section 6166(b)(2)(D) – Certain interests held by members of decedent’s family
  • Section 6166(b)(2) Computation Examples
    • Section 6166(b)(2)(B) Computation Examples (list of Examples with narrative descriptions)
    • Section 6166(b)(2)(C) Computation Examples (list of Examples with narrative descriptions)

Section 6166(b)(3) – Farmhouses and Certain Other Structures

  • Section 6166(b)(3) Overview

Section 6166(b)(4) – Value

  • Section 6166(b)(4) Overview

Section 6166(b)(5) – Closely Held Business Amount

  • Section 6166(b)(5) Overview

Section 6166(b)(6) - Adjusted Gross Estate

  • Section 6166(b)(6) Overview - The Adjusted Gross Estate
  • Section 6166(b)(6) Computation Examples (list of Examples with narrative descriptions)
    • Section 6166(b)(6) Adjusted Gross Estate Computation Example 1
    • Section 6166(b)(6) Adjusted Gross Estate Computation Example 2
    • Section 6166(b)(6) Adjusted Gross Estate Computation Example 3

Section 6166(b)(7) - Partnership Interests and Stock Which is Not Readily Tradable (The Family Attribution Election)

  • Section 6166(b)(7) Overview
  • Section 6166(b)(7) Computation Examples
    • Section 6166(b)(7) Underpayment of Non-Deferred Tax
    • Section 6166(b)(7) Overpayment of Non-Deferred Tax - Maximum Deferral Election
    • Section 6166(b)(7) Overpayment of Non-Deferred Tax - Minimum Deferral Election

Section 6166(b)(8) - Stock in Holding Company Treated as Business Company Stock in Certain Cases (The Holding Company Election)

  • Section 6166(b)(8) Overview
  • Section 6166(b)(8) Computation Examples
    • Section 6166(b)(8) Underpayment of Non-Deferred Tax
    • Section 6166(b)(8) Overpayment of Non-Deferred Tax - Maximum Deferral Election
    • Section 6166(b)(8) Overpayment of Non-Deferred Tax - Minimum Deferral Election

Section 6166(b)(9) – Deferral Not Available for Passive Assets

  • Section 6166(b)(9) Overview
  • Section 6166(b)(9) Passive Asset Rules Do Not Apply After Date of Death for Purposes of the 35% Test

Section 6166(b)(10) - Stock in Qualifying Lending and Finance Business Treated as Stock in An Active Trade or Business Company

  • Section 6166(b)(10) Overview
  • Section 6166(b)(10) Computation Examples
    • Section 6166(b)(10) Underpayment of Non-Deferred Tax
    • Section 6166(b)(10) Overpayment of Non-Deferred Tax - Maximum Deferral Election
    • Section 6166(b)(10) Overpayment of Non-Deferred Tax - Minimum Deferral Election

Section 6166(c) - Interest in 2 or More Closely Held Businesses

  • Section 6166(c) Overview
  • Section 6166(c) Computation Examples (list of Examples with narrative descriptions)
    • Section 6166(c) Example 1
    • Section 6166(c) Example 2
    • Section 6166(c) Example 3
    • Section 6166(c) Example 4
    • Section 6166(c) Example 5 - link to Section 6166(b)(2)(B), Example 2

Section 6166(d) – Election

  • Section 6166(d) Overview

Section 6166(e) – Proration of Deficiency to Installments

  • Section 6166(e) Overview

Section 6166(f) – Time for Payment of Interest

  • Section 6166(f) Overview
    • Section 6166(f) Example 1

Section 6166(g) - Section 6166 Penalties and Acceleration

  • Section 6166(g) Overview
  • Section 6166(g)(1)
    • Section 6166(g)(1)(A)
      • Exercise of Option to Purchase is a Sale
      • Sale of Business
    • Section 6166(g)(1)(B)
    • Section 6166(g)(1)(C)
    • Section 6166(g)(1)(D)
    • Sections 6166(g)(1)(E) and 6166(g)(1)(F)
  • Section 6166(g)(2)
  • Section 6166(g)(3)

Section 6166(h) - Election on a Deficiency

  • Section 6166(h) Overview
    • PLR 8846001 - Determination of the amount of a deficiency payable in installments
    • PLR 8846001 Computation Illustration 1 - Interest is not interrelated with the estate tax
    • PLR 8846001 Computation Illustration 2 - Interest is interrelated with the estate tax
    • PLR 8846001 Computation Illustration 3 - The Estate's calculation of deferred tax and the annual installments payable
    • PLR 8846001 Computation Illustration 4 - The IRS calculation of the deferred portion of the deficiency and annual installment
  • Section 6166(h) Computation Examples
    • Section 6166(h) Example 1 - Deficiency generated entirely by a 6166 value increase where zero tax was originally assessed
    • Section 6166(h) Example 2 - Part of a deficiency is attributable to an increase in non-6166 asset values
    • Section 6166(h) Example 3 - Multiple changes including a Schedule K decrease and a Long Form apportionment of deficiency
    • Section 6166(h) Example 4 - CCA 201302037 illustration where no part of a deficiency is eligible for a section 6166(h) election

Section 6166(i) – Special Rule for Certain Direct Skips

  • Section 6166(i) Overview

Section 6166(j) – Regulations

  • Section 6166(j) Overview

Section 6166(k)(1) – Security - Section 6165

  • Section 6166(k)(1) Overview

Section 6166(k)(2) – Lien - Section 6324A

  • Section 6166(k)(2) Overview - Section 6324A
  • 6324A Lien Procedures

Section 6166(k)(3) – Period of Limitation - Section 6503(d)

  • Section 6166(k)(3) Overview - Section 6503(d)

Section 6166(k)(4) – Interest - Section 6601(j)

  • Section 6166(k)(4) Overview - Section 6601(j)
  • Section 6601(j) Computation Examples
    • Section 6601(j) Example 1
    • Section 6601(j) Example 2
    • Section 6601(j) Example 3
    • Section 6601(j) Example 4
    • Section 6601(j) Example 5

Section 6166(k)(5) – Transfers Within 3 Years of Death - Section 2035(c)(2)

  • Overview - Section 6166(k)(5) and Section 2035(c)(2)
  • Section 6166(k)(5) Computation Examples
    • Section 6166(k)(5) Example 1 - Minnesota Computation 3

Recent Cases

  • North Carolina Department of Revenue v. Kimberely Rice Kaestner 1992 Family Trust (Supreme Court 2019)
  • Baldwin v. US (2019 - 9th Circuit)
  • Romano-Murphy v. Commissioner (Tax Court 2019)
    • Romano-Murphy v. Commissioner (11th Circuit 2016 - remanded)
  • United States v. Mary Carol S. Johnson, et al - Analysis (D. Utah, Central Div.)
    • US v. Mary Carol S. Johnson et al (2019 - 10th Circuit)
    • US v. Mary Carol S. Johnson et al (2018)
    • US v. Mary Carol S. Johnson et al (2016)
    • US v. Mary Carol S. Johnson et al (2013)
    • US v. Mary Carol S. Johnson, et al (2012)
  • Robert H. Tilden v. Commissioner (7th Circuit 2017)
    • Robert H. Tilden v. Commissioner (Tax Court 2015)
  • United States v. F. Gordon Spoor et al (11th Circuit 2016)
    • F. Gordon Spoor v. Commissioner (Tax Court Memo June 2011)
    • F. Gordon Spoor v. Commissioner (Tax Court Memo October 2011)
  • Commissioner v. Estate of Travis L. Sanders (11th Circuit 2016)
    • Estate of Travis L. Sanders v. Commissioner (Tax Court 2015)
  • US v. Godley (2015)
  • Davidson v. Commissioner (2015)
  • McNeely v. United States and Adell v. Commissioner (2014)
  • Woodbury v. Commissioner (2014)
  • Langan v. US (2013)
  • Winford v. US (2012)
  • US v. Kulhanek (2010)

Recent Cases - Computation Examples

  • US v. Godley - Computation Exhibit 1 (2015)
  • Adell v. Commissioner (2014)
    • Estate Computation of Deferred Tax vs. the IRS Computation
    • Adell 1999 Form 709
    • Adell 2006 Form 709
    • Adell Form 706, Pages 1-3
  • McNeely v. United States (2014)
  • Woodbury v. Commissioner (2014)

IRS Information

  • IRS Contact Number
  • IRS Internet Resources
  • Document 6209 - IRS Processing Codes and Information
  • Document 12990 - Records Control Schedules
  • IRS Electronic Reading Room
  • IRS Link - Resources for Tax Law Changes
  • IRS Tax Statistics Home Page
    • Estate Tax Statistics - Index
    • Estate Tax Returns Filed for Wealthy Decedents 2006 - 2015 - Chart
    • Estate Tax Returns Filed From 1995 to 2017 - Data

IRS Resources

Forms and Instructions

  • IRS Forms, Instructions, and Publications Search Page
  • Where to File Forms Beginning With the Number 7
  • IRS Draft Forms and Instructions - 2012 to date
  • Form 56
  • Form 56 Instructions
  • Form 706
  • Form 706 Instructions
  • Form 706-A
  • Form 706-A Instructions
  • Form 706-CE
  • Form 706-D
  • Form 706-D Instructions
  • Form 706-GS(D)
  • Form 706-GS(D) Instructions
  • Form 706-GS(D-1)
  • Form 706-GS(D-1) Instructions
  • Form 706-GS(T)
  • Form 706-GS(T) Instructions
  • Form 706-NA
  • Form 706-NA Instructions
  • Form 706-QDT
  • Form 706-QDT Instructions
  • Form 709
  • Form 709 Instructions
  • Form 712
  • Form 843
  • Form 843 Instructions
  • Form 1041
  • Form 1041 Instructions
  • Form 2848
  • Form 2848 Instructions
  • Form 3520
  • Form 3520 Instructions
  • Form 3520-A
  • Form 3520-A Instructions
  • Form 4349 (Rev 12-2016)
  • Form 4349 Description
  • Form 4421
  • Form 4422
  • Form 4506
  • Form 4506-T
  • Form 4768
  • Form 4768 Instructions
  • Form 4810
  • Form 5495
  • Form 7004
  • Form 7004 Instructions
  • Form 8821
  • Form 8821 Instructions
  • Form 8855
  • Form 8960
  • Form 8960 Instructions
  • Form 8971
  • Form 8971 Instructions
  • Form 13925

Internal Revenue Manuals (IRMs)

  • IRM Table of Contents - Part 1 - Part 39
  • IRM 3.11.106 - Processing Estate and Gift Tax Returns
  • IRM 3.11.106.18.8 - Processing Forms 4768 and Section 6163 and 6166 Elections
  • IRM Part 4 - Examining Process Index, IRM 4.1 - 4.119 (Includes Estate Tax IRMs 4.25.1 - 4.25.14)
  • IRM 4.25.1 - Estate and Gift Tax Examinations
  • IRM 4.25.2 - Campus Procedures for Estate Tax
  • IRM 4.25.3 - Estate and Gift Tax Planning, Classification, and Selection
  • IRM 4.25.4 - International Estate and Gift Tax Examinations
  • IRM 4.25.5 - Technical Guidelines for Estate and Gift Tax Issues
  • IRM 4.25.6 - Report Writing Guide for Estate and Gift Tax Examinations
  • IRM 4.25.7 - Estate and Gift Tax Penalty and Fraud Procedures
  • IRM 4.25.8 - Estate and Gift Tax Delinquent Returns and SFR Procedures
  • IRM 4.25.9 - Requests for Abatement, Claims for Refund, and Doubt as to Liability in Estate and Gift Tax Cases
  • IRM 4.25.10 - Estate and Gift Tax Case Closing Procedures
  • IRM 4.25.11 - Estate and Gift Tax Special Examination Procedures
  • IRM 4.25.12 - Estate and Gift Tax Valuation Assistance
  • IRM 4.25.13 - Estate and Gift Tax Appeals, Mediation, and Settlement Procedures
  • IRM 4.25.14 - Estate and Gift Tax Miscellaneous Procedures
  • IRM 5.5.6 - Collection on Accounts with Special Estate Tax Elections
  • IRM 8.7.4 - Appeals Estate and Gift Tax Cases
  • IRM 25.6.1 - Statute of Limitations Processes and Procedures

Miscellaneous

  • Reg. 601.504(b) - Power of Attorney
  • Tax Policy Center Estimate of Estate Tax Returns and Liability Under Current Law 2011-2022
  • GAO Report on Appraisals - June 2012

IRS Rulings

CCAs

  • IRS Searchable list of CCAs, TAMs, and PLRs (1999 to date)
  • CCA 201650017
  • CCA 201645013
  • CCA 201643020
  • CCA 201631011
  • CCA 201622032
  • CCA 201621014
  • CCA 201614036
  • CCA 201536020
  • CCA 201509033
  • CCA 201304006
  • CCA 201302037
  • CCA 201226027
  • CCA 201144027

PLRs

  • IRS Searchable list of CCAs, TAMs, and PLRs (1999 to date)
  • PLR 201702004
  • PLR 201403012
  • PLR 201343004
  • PLR 201015003
  • PLR 200939003
  • PLR 200842012
  • PLR 200613020
  • PLR 200529006
  • PLR 200339043
  • PLR 200321006
  • PLR 200043031
  • PLR 200006034
  • PLR 199929025
  • PLR 8527003
  • PLR 8813047
  • PLR 8846001
    • PLR 8846001 Computation Illustration 1
    • PLR 8846001 Computation Illustration 2
    • PLR 8846001 Computation Illustration 3
    • PLR 8846001 Computation Illustration 4
  • PLR 6612073550A

Revenue Procedures

  • Rev. Proc. 2016-49
  • Rev. Proc. 2016-42
  • Rev. Proc. 2015-53
  • Rev. Proc. 2014-61
  • Rev. Proc. 2013-35
  • Rev. Proc. 2012-41
  • Rev. Proc. 2011-52
  • Rev. Proc. 95-17 and Rev. Proc. 83-7
  • Rev. Proc. 81-27

Revenue Rulings

  • Rev. Rul. 2006-34, 2006-1 C.B. 1171
  • Rev. Rul. 2006-34, 2006-26 IRB
  • Rev. Rul. 90-8
  • Rev. Rul. 89-4
  • Rev. Rul. 89-32
  • Rev. Rul. 84-75
  • Rev. Rul. 83-24
  • Rev. Rul. 81-294
    • Rev. Rul. 81-294 Illustrated
  • Rev. Rul. 81-256 and 81-287
  • Rev. Rul. 81-154
  • Rev. Rul. 80-250
  • Rev. Rul. 76-51
    • Rev. Rul. 76-51, amplifying Rev. Rul. 74-499, Illustrated
  • Rev. Rul. 74-499
  • Rev. Rul. 67-161
  • Rev. Rul. 67-110

FAAs, LMs, GCMs, Notices, Information Letters

  • IRS Searchable list of Information Letters (2000 to date)
  • Notice 2017-12
  • Info. Ltr. 2016-0038
  • Notice 2016-19
  • Notice 2015-38
  • Notice 2007-90
  • FAA 20152201F
  • LM 201429023
  • FAA 20124602F

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Website Updates

Website Updates

Nov-22-2024 - We fixed a syntax error in the 2024 links to the IRS Revenue Rulings on the IRS website that provide quarterly interest rate information. These links are located in Legal and Procedural Updates and Interest Rates.

Oct-23-2024 - Our Table, Calculating the 2% Portion of Deferred Tax 1998 - 2025, is updated with the official figures for 2025. The maximum amount of tax deferred at the 2% rate will be $760,000.

Nov-10-2023 - Our Table, Calculating the 2% Portion of Deferred Tax 1998 - 2024, is updated with the official figures for 2024. The maximum amount of tax deferred at the 2% rate will be $740,000.

Oct-31-2022 - Our Table, Calculating the 2% Portion of Deferred Tax 1998 - 2023, is updated with the official figures for 2023. The maximum amount of tax deferred at the 2% rate will be $700,000.

Sep-26-2021 - Our Table, Calculating the 2% Portion of Deferred Tax 1998 - 2022, is updated with the projected figures for 2022. The maximum amount of tax deferred at the 2% rate will be $656,000.

Read more

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Legal and Procedural Updates

Legal and Procedural Updates

Mar-12-2025 - IRS interest rates remain the same for the second quarter of 2025, beginning April 1. The regular non-corporate underpayment and overpayment interest rates remain 7%. See Revenue Ruling 2025-07.

Nov-21-2024 - IRS interest rates are reduced for the first quarter of 2025 beginning January 1. The regular non-corporate underpayment and overpayment interest rates will be 7%. See  Revenue Ruling 2024-25.

Aug-22-2024 - IRS interest rates remain the same for the fourth quarter of 2024 beginning October 1. The regular non-corporate underpayment and overpayment interest rates remain 8%. See  Revenue Ruling 2024-18.

May-13-2024 - IRS interest rates remain the same for the third quarter of 2024 beginning July 1. The regular non-corporate underpayment and overpayment interest rates remain 8%. See Revenue Ruling 2024-11.

Feb-21-2024 - IRS interest rates remain the same for the second quarter of 2024 beginning April 1. The regular non-corporate underpayment and overpayment interest rates remain 8%. See Revenue Ruling 2024-6.

Nov-21-2023 - IRS interest rates remain the same for the first quarter of 2024 beginning January 1. The regular non-corporate underpayment and overpayment interest rates remain 8%. See Revenue Ruling 2023-22.

Nov-10-2023 - IRS announced the 2024 inflation factors in Revenue Procedure 2023-34. The 2024 basic exclusion amount for determining the amount of unified credit is $13,610,000, and the "2-percent portion" under section 6601(j) is $1,850,000. The amount of tax deferred at the 2% rate is $740,000.

Aug-25-2023 - IRS interest rates increase for the fourth quarter of 2023 beginning October 1. The regular non-corporate underpayment and overpayment interest rates increase to 8%. See Revenue Ruling 2023-17.

May-22-2023 - IRS interest rates remain the same for the third quarter of 2023 beginning July 1. The regular non-corporate underpayment and overpayment interest rates remain 7%. See Revenue Ruling 2023-11.

Feb-17-2023 - IRS interest rates remain the same for the second quarter of 2023 beginning April 1. The regular non-corporate underpayment and overpayment interest rates remain 7%. See Revenue Ruling 2023-4.

Nov-30-2022 - IRS interest rates increase for the first quarter of 2023 beginning January 1. The regular non-corporate underpayment and overpayment interest rates will be 7%. See Revenue Ruling 2022-23.

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Interest Rates

IRS interest rates remain the same for the second quarter of 2025 beginning April 1. The regular non-corporate underpayment and overpayment interest rates remain 7%. See Revenue Ruling 2025-07.

Note About the Computations

Many computation examples on this site use projected future regular underpayment interest rates based on those in effect at the time the computations were run. As time passed, however, some of those older computations used projected interest rates that did not match the subsequently determined interest rates, so please bear this in mind.

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